In 1971, Terry Winograd finished writing SHRDLU for his PhD thesis at MIT. ATNs and their more general format called "generalized ATNs" continued to be used for a number of years. Instead of phrase structure rules ATNs used an equivalent set of finite state automata that were called recursively. Woods introduced the augmented transition network (ATN) to represent natural language input. This model, partially influenced by the work of Sydney Lamb, was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University, such as Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert, and Janet Kolodner. In 1969, Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the conceptual dependency theory for natural-language understanding. Yet ELIZA gained surprising popularity as a toy project and can be seen as a very early precursor to current commercial systems such as those used by Ask.com. ELIZA worked by simple parsing and substitution of key words into canned phrases and Weizenbaum sidestepped the problem of giving the program a database of real-world knowledge or a rich lexicon. Eight years after John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence, Bobrow's dissertation (titled Natural Language Input for a Computer Problem Solving System) showed how a computer could understand simple natural language input to solve algebra word problems.Ī year later, in 1965, Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT wrote ELIZA, an interactive program that carried on a dialogue in English on any topic, the most popular being psychotherapy. The program STUDENT, written in 1964 by Daniel Bobrow for his PhD dissertation at MIT, is one of the earliest known attempts at natural-language understanding by a computer. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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